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Blood, 1 September 2008, Vol. 112, No. 5, pp. 1557-1569. This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Zhu, J. Articles by Paul, W. E. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Zhu, J. Articles by Paul, W. E. Related Collections Immunobiology Free Research Articles ASH 50th Anniversary Reviews Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  ASH 50TH ANNIVERSARY REVIEW CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults Jinfang Zhu1, and William E. Paul1 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 subsets of activated CD4 T cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, which differed from each other in their pattern of cytokine production and their functions. Our understanding of the importance of the distinct differentiated forms of CD4 T cells and of the mechanisms through which they achieve their differentiated state has greatly expanded over the past 2 decades. Today at least 4 distinct CD4 T-cell subsets have been shown to exist, Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells. Here we summarize much of what is known about the 4 subsets, including the history of their discovery, their unique cytokine products and related functions, their distinctive expression of cell surface receptors and their characteristic transcription factors, the regulation of their fate determination, and the consequences of their abnormal activation. 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