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Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on October 24, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1585.

Submitted June 4, 2002
Accepted October 1, 2002
Protein kinase C mediated Raf-1/extracellular-regulated kinase activation by daunorubicin
Veronique Mansat-De Mas*, Helene Hernandez, Isabelle Plo, Christine Bezombes, Nicolas Maestre, Anne Quillet-Mary, Rodolphe Filomenko, Cecile Demur, Jean-Pierre Jaffrezou, and Guy Laurent
INSERM, Unite 563, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
Laboratoire d'Hematologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France
Service d'Hematologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France
INSERM, Unite 517, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Dijon, France
* Corresponding author; email: demas.v{at}chu-toulouse.fr.
In light of the emerging concept of a protective function of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway under stress conditions, we investigated the influence of the anthracycline daunorubicin (DNR) on MAPK signaling and its possible contribution to DNR-induced cytotoxicity. We show that DNR increased phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) and stimulated activities of both Raf-1 and extracellular-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) within 10 to 30 min in U937 cells. ERK1 stimulation was completely blocked by either the MEK inhibitor PD 98059 or the Raf-1 inhibitor 8-bromo-cAMP. However, only partial inhibition of Raf-1 and ERK1 stimulation was observed with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (N-Ac). Moreover, the xanthogenate compound D609 which inhibits DNR-induced phosphatidylcholine (PC) hydrolysis and subsequent diacylglycerol (DAG) production, as well as wortmannin which blocks phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) stimulation, only partially inhibited Raf-1 and ERK1 stimulation. We also observed that DNR stimulated protein kinase C (PKC ), an atypical PKC isoform, and that both D609 and wortmannin significantly inhibited DNR-triggered PKC activation. Finally, we found that the expression of PKC kinase defective mutant resulted in the abrogation of DNR-induced ERK phosphorylation. Altogether, these results demonstrate that DNR activates the classical Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway, and that Raf-1 activation is mediated through complex signaling pathways which involve at least two contributors: PC-derived DAG, and PI3K products which converge towards PKC . Moreover, we show that both Raf-1 and MEK inhibitors, as well as PKC inhibition, sensitized cells to DNR-induced cytotoxicity.

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