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Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on August 29, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1723.
Submitted June 12, 2002
Accepted July 3, 2002
Noninvasive Measurement of Iron: Report of an NIDDK Workshop
Gary M Brittenham and David G Badman*
Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
* Corresponding author; email: db70f{at}nih.gov.
An international workshop on the non-invasive measurement of iron was organized by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) on April 17, 2001, to assess the current state of the science and to identify areas needing further investigation. The workshop concluded that a clear clinical need was evident for quantitative means of measuring body storage iron that are non-invasive, safe, accurate and readily available to improve the diagnosis and management of patients with iron overload, including hereditary hemochromatosis, thalassemia major, sickle cell disease, aplastic anemia, myelodysplasia and other disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging potentially provides the best available technique for examining the three-dimensional distribution of excess iron in the body but further research is needed to develop means of making measurements quantitative. Currently, biomagnetic susceptometry provides the only non-invasive method for measurement of tissue iron stores that has been calibrated, validated and used in clinical studies but the complexity, cost and technical demands of the liquid-helium-cooled superconducting instruments required at present have restricted clinical access to the method. The workshop identified basic and clinical research opportunities for deepening our understanding of the physical properties of iron and iron toxicity, for further investigation of magnetic resonance imaging as a method for quantitative determinations of tissue iron, especially in liver, heart and brain, and for development of improved methods and more widely available instrumentation for biomagnetic susceptometry.
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