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Blood, 15 February 2004, Vol. 103, No. 4, pp. 1325-1332.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on October 16, 2003; DOI 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0799.


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Submitted March 14, 2003
Accepted October 7, 2003

Functional endothelial cells derived from rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells

Dan S Kaufman*, Rachel L Lewis, Eric T Hanson, Robert Auerbach, Johanna Plendl, and James A Thomson

National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine/Hematology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Institut fur Veterinar-Anatomie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany

* Corresponding author; email: kaufm020{at}umn.edu.

We have used rhesus monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells to study endothelial cell development. Rhesus ES cells (R366.4 cell line) exposed to medium containing VEGF, bFGF, IGF, and EGF assumed a uniform endothelial cell morphology and could be propagated and expanded with a consistent phenotype and normal karyotype. When placed in Matrigel, these rhesus ES cell-derived endothelial cells (RESDECs) formed capillary-like structures characteristic of endothelial cells. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis of RESDECs showed that they take up acetylated LDL, express CD146, von Willebrand factor, and the integrin av{beta}3, and bind the lectin Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin-1. These cells also express the VEGF receptor Flk-1 and secrete VEGF. When introduced in a Matrigel plug implanted subcutaneously in mice, RESDECs formed intact vessels and recruited new endothelial cell growth. In vivo function was demonstrated by co-injection of RESDECs with murine tumor cells subcutaneously into immunocompromised adult mice. RESDECs injected alone did not form measurable tumors. Tumor cells grew more rapidly and had increased vascularization when co-injected with the RESDECs. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the RESDECs participated in forming the tumor neo-vasculature. RESDECs provide a novel means to examine the mechanisms of endothelial cell development, and may open up new therapeutic strategies.


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