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Blood, 15 March 2004, Vol. 103, No. 6, pp. 2391-2396.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on November 13, 2003; DOI 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3015.


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Submitted September 3, 2003
Accepted October 31, 2003

Gene interactions and stroke risk in children with sickle cell anemia

Carolyn Hoppe*, William Klitz, Suzanne Cheng, Ray Apple, Lori Steiner, Lara Robles, Tom Girard, Elliott Vichinsky, and Lori Styles

Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital & Research Center at Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
Department of Human Genetics, Roche Molecular Systems Inc., Alameda, CA, USA

* Corresponding author; email: choppe{at}mail.cho.org.

Stroke is a devastating complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA), affecting up to 30% children. Despite the relative frequency of stroke in SCA, few predictors of risk exist. Because stroke in SCA is likely a multifactorial disease, analysis of the combined effect of multiple genetic variants may prove more successful than evaluation of individual candidate genes. We genotyped 230 children with SCA for 104 polymorphisms among 65 candidate vascular genes to identify risk associations with stroke. Patients were phenotyped based on magnetic resonance imaging/angiography (MRI/MRA) findings into large (LV) vs. small vessel (SV) disease stroke subgroups. Specific polymorphisms in the IL4R 503, TNF (-308), and ADRB2 27 genes were independently associated with stroke susceptibility in the LV stroke subgroup, while variants in the VCAM1 (-1594) and LDLR NcoI genes were associated with SV stroke risk. The combination of TNF (-308)GG homozygosity and the IL4R 503P variant carrier status was associated with a particularly strong predisposition to LV stroke (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 2.3-13.1). We show that several candidate genes may play a role in predisposition to specific stroke subtypes in children with SCA. If confirmed, these results provide a basis for population screening and targeted intervention to prevent stroke in SCA.


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