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Blood, 1 September 2004, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 1314-1323.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on May 13, 2004; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0046.


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Submitted January 7, 2004
Accepted April 28, 2004

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of All-trans-Retinoic Acid Treatment Reveals Systematic Post-Transcriptional Control Mechanisms in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Michael N Harris, Bulent Ozpolat, Fadi Abdi, Sheng Gu, Allison Legler, Kwasi E Muwuenyega, Maribel Tirado-Gomez, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein, and Xian Chen*

BN-2, Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Bioimmunotherapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Applied Biosystems, Framingham, MA, USA

* Corresponding author; email: chen_xian{at}lanl.gov.

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) induces growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis in cancer cells including acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In APL, expression of PML-RAR{alpha} fusion protein due to the t(15;17) reciprocal translocation leads to a block in the promyelocytic stage of differentiation. We studied here molecular mechanisms involved in ATRA-induced growth inhibition and myeloid cell differentiation in APL. By employing comprehensive high-throughput proteomic methods of 2-D gel electrophoresis and amino acid coded mass tagging coupled with ESI mass spectrometry, we systematically identified a total of 59 differentially expressed proteins that were consistently modulated in response to ATRA-treatment. The data revealed significant downregulation of eukaryotic initiation and elongation factors, IF2, eIF4AI, eIF4G, eIF5, eIF6, eEF1A-1, EF-1-{delta}, eEF1{gamma}, 14-3-3{epsilon}, and 14-3-3{zeta}/{delta} (p<0.05). The translational inhibitor DAP5/p97/NAT1 and PML isoform-1 were found upregulated (p<0.05). Additionally, the downregulation of hnRNP C1/C2, UP2, K, F, snRNP D3, E, nucleoprotein TPR, and PP2A were found (p<0.05) and function in pre-mRNA processing, splicing, and export events. Importantly, these proteomic findings were validated by western blot analysis. Our data in comparison to previous cDNA microarray studies and our RT-PCR experiments demonstrate that broad networks of post-transcriptional suppressive pathways are activated during ATRA-induced growth inhibition processes in APL.


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