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Blood, 15 March 2005, Vol. 105, No. 6, pp. 2458-2464.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on December 7, 2004; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3058.
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Submitted August 6, 2004
Accepted November 9, 2004
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in HIV-1-infected patients and its in vitro production by antigen-presenting cells
Jean-Philippe Herbeuval, Adriano Boasso, Jean-Charles Grivel, Andrew W Hardy, Stephanie A Anderson, Matthew J Dolan, Claire Chougnet, Jeffrey D Lifson, and Gene M Shearer*
Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX, USA
Infectious Diseases Service, Wilford Hall Medical Cemter, Lackland AFB, TX, USA
Division of Molecular Immunology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
* Corresponding author; email: gene_shearer{at}nih.gov.
There is now considerable in vitro evidence that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis by inducing CD4+ T cell death characteristic of AIDS. Therefore, we have tested levels of TRAIL in plasma samples from 107 HIV-1-infected and 53 uninfected controls, as well as in longitudinal plasma samples from patients who started antiretroviral therapy (ART). TRAIL was elevated in plasma of HIV-1-infected patients compared to uninfected individuals, and patients receiving ART showed decreased plasma TRAIL levels that correlated with reduction in viral load. In vitro exposure to infectious and noninfectious HIV-1 induced TRAIL in monocytes and marginally in DC, but not in macrophages, or T cells. Interestingly, the HIV-1 entry inhibitor, soluble CD4, blocked HIV-1-induced production of TRAIL. Furthermore, production and gene expression of TRAIL by monocytes were regulated by type I interferon via STAT1/STAT2 signaling molecule. Ex vivo HIV-1 infection of human tonsil lymphoid tissue also resulted in increased TRAIL production. We demonstrate here that plasma TRAIL is elevated in HIV-1-infected patients, and is decreased by ART therapy. The high production of TRAIL by antigen-presenting cells may contribute to the death of CD4+ T cells during progression to AIDS.

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