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Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and
Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project
Patrick S. Sullivan,
Debra L. Hanson,
Susan Y. Chu,
Jeffrey L. Jones,
John W. Ward, and
the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum
of Disease Group
From the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV,
STD, and TB Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the
effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical
record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care
from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and
private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated
the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a
physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess
risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed
therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who
developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop
anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for
those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those
who did recover. The 1-year incidence of anemia was 36.9% for persons
with one or more acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining
opportunistic illnesses (clinical AIDS), 12.1% for patients with a CD4
count of less than 200 cells/µm or CD4 percentage of <14 but not
clinical AIDS (immunologic AIDS), and 3.2% for persons without
clinical or immunologic AIDS. Of anemia diagnoses, 22% were identified by physicians as drug related. Incidence of anemia was associated with
clinical AIDS, immunologic AIDS, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, bacterial septicemia, black race, female sex, prescription of zidovudine, fluconazole, and ganciclovir, and lack of prescription of
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The increased risk of death associated
with anemia differed by first CD4 count: for patients with a CD4 count
of  200 cells/µL at the beginning of the survival analysis, the
risk of death was 148% (99% confidence interval [CI], 114 to 188)
greater for those who developed anemia; for patients whose first CD4
count was <200 cells/µL, the risk of death was 56% (99% CI, 43 to
71) greater for those in whom anemia developed. For persons in whom
anemia developed, the risk of death was 170% (99% CI, 132 to 203)
greater for persons who did not recover from anemia compared with those
who did recover. Anemia is a frequent complication of HIV infection,
and its incidence is associated with progression of HIV disease,
prescription of certain chemotherapeutics, black race, and female sex.
Anemia, particularly anemia that does not resolve, is associated with shorter survival of HIV-infected patients.
Blood, Vol. 91 No. 1 (January 1), 1998:
pp. 301-308
© 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
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