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Evidence for Circulating Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Cells

Qun Shi, Shahin Rafii, Moses Hong-De Wu, Errol S. Wijelath, Cong Yu, Atsushi Ishida, Yuji Fujita, Sudesh Kothari, Robert Mohle, Lester R. Sauvage, Malcom A.S. Moore, Rainer F. Storb, and William P. Hammond

From the Departments of Surgery and Molecular Biology, The Hope Heart Institute and Providence Medical Center, Seattle, WA; the Hematology-Oncology Division, Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Research Center, New York, NY; and the Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.

It has been proposed that hematopoietic and endothelial cells are derived from a common cell, the hemangioblast. In this study, we demonstrate that a subset of CD34+ cells have the capacity to differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor. These differentiated endothelial cells are CD34+, stain for von Willebrand factor (vWF), and incorporate acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This suggests the possible existence of a bone marrow-derived precursor endothelial cell. To demonstrate this phenomenon in vivo, we used a canine bone marrow transplantation model, in which the marrow cells from the donor and recipient are genetically distinct. Between 6 to 8 months after transplantation, a Dacron graft, made impervious to prevent capillary ingrowth from the surrounding perigraft tissue, was implanted in the descending thoracic aorta. After 12 weeks, the graft was retrieved, and cells with endothelial morphology were identified by silver nitrate staining. Using the di(CA)n and tetranucleotide (GAAA)n repeat polymorphisms to distinguish between the donor and recipient DNA, we observed that only donor alleles were detected in DNA from positively stained cells on the impervious Dacron graft. These results strongly suggest that a subset of CD34+ cells localized in the bone marrow can be mobilized to the peripheral circulation and can colonize endothelial flow surfaces of vascular prostheses.

Blood, Vol. 92 No. 2 (July 15), 1998: pp. 362-367
© 1998 by the American Society of Hematology.


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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): H1 - H18.
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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
C. Heeschen, E. Chang, A. Aicher, and J. P. Cooke
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Participate in Nicotine-Mediated Angiogenesis
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 19, 2006; 48(12): 2553 - 2560.
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CirculationHome page
K. Miyamoto, K. Nishigami, N. Nagaya, K. Akutsu, M. Chiku, M. Kamei, T. Soma, S. Miyata, M. Higashi, R. Tanaka, et al.
Unblinded Pilot Study of Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Circulation, December 12, 2006; 114(24): 2679 - 2684.
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J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
N. Bonaros, R. Rauf, D. Wolf, E. Margreiter, A. Tzankov, B. Schlechta, A. Kocher, H. Ott, T. Schachner, S. Hering, et al.
Combined transplantation of skeletal myoblasts and angiopoietic progenitor cells reduces infarct size and apoptosis and improves cardiac function in chronic ischemic heart failure
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2006; 132(6): 1321 - 1328.
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CirculationHome page
H. Hamada, M. K. Kim, A. Iwakura, M. Ii, T. Thorne, G. Qin, J. Asai, Y. Tsutsumi, H. Sekiguchi, M. Silver, et al.
Estrogen Receptors {alpha} and {beta} Mediate Contribution of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Functional Recovery After Myocardial Infarction
Circulation, November 21, 2006; 114(21): 2261 - 2270.
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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
H. Guven, R. M. Shepherd, R. G. Bach, B. J. Capoccia, and D. C. Link
The Number of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies in the Blood Is Increased in Patients With Angiographically Significant Coronary Artery Disease
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1579 - 1587.
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Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
K.-L. Ang, L. Takura Shenje, L. Srinivasan, and M. Galinanes
Repair of the damaged heart by bone marrow cells: from experimental evidence to clinical hope.
Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2006; 82(4): 1549 - 1558.
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BloodHome page
B. J. Capoccia, R. M. Shepherd, and D. C. Link
G-CSF and AMD3100 mobilize monocytes into the blood that stimulate angiogenesis in vivo through a paracrine mechanism
Blood, October 1, 2006; 108(7): 2438 - 2445.
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M. Aghi, K. S. Cohen, R. J. Klein, D. T. Scadden, and E. A. Chiocca
Tumor Stromal-Derived Factor-1 Recruits Vascular Progenitors to Mitotic Neovasculature, where Microenvironment Influences Their Differentiated Phenotypes.
Cancer Res., September 15, 2006; 66(18): 9054 - 9064.
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IOVSHome page
S. Arnhold, P. Heiduschka, H. Klein, Y. Absenger, S. Basnaoglu, F. Kreppel, S. Henke-Fahle, S. Kochanek, K.-U. Bartz-Schmidt, K. Addicks, et al.
Adenovirally Transduced Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate into Pigment Epithelial Cells and Induce Rescue Effects in RCS Rats.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2006; 47(9): 4121 - 4129.
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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
T. Ishikawa, M. Eguchi, M. Wada, Y. Iwami, K. Tono, H. Iwaguro, H. Masuda, T. Tamaki, and T. Asahara
Establishment of a Functionally Active Collagen-Binding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Fusion Protein In Situ
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2006; 26(9): 1998 - 2004.
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JDRHome page
D. Kaigler, P.H. Krebsbach, Z. Wang, E.R. West, K. Horger, and D.J. Mooney
Transplanted Endothelial Cells Enhance Orthotopic Bone Regeneration
Journal of Dental Research, July 1, 2006; 85(7): 633 - 637.
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DevelopmentHome page
L. Pardanaud and A. Eichmann
Identification, emergence and mobilization of circulating endothelial cells or progenitors in the embryo
Development, July 1, 2006; 133(13): 2527 - 2537.
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Circ. Res.Home page
K. Tateno, T. Minamino, H. Toko, H. Akazawa, N. Shimizu, S. Takeda, T. Kunieda, H. Miyauchi, T. Oyama, K. Matsuura, et al.
Critical Roles of Muscle-Secreted Angiogenic Factors in Therapeutic Neovascularization
Circ. Res., May 12, 2006; 98(9): 1194 - 1202.
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P. Atluri, G. P. Liao, C. M. Panlilio, V. M. Hsu, M. J. Leskowitz, K. J. Morine, J. E. Cohen, M. F. Berry, E. E. Suarez, D. A. Murphy, et al.
Neovasculogenic therapy to augment perfusion and preserve viability in ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2006; 81(5): 1728 - 1736.
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E. E. Sharpe III, A. A. Teleron, B. Li, J. Price, M. S. Sands, K. Alford, and P. P. Young
The Origin and in Vivo Significance of Murine and Human Culture-Expanded Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2006; 168(5): 1710 - 1721.
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N. Kogata, Y. Arai, J. T. Pearson, K. Hashimoto, K. Hidaka, T. Koyama, S. Somekawa, Y. Nakaoka, M. Ogawa, R. H. Adams, et al.
Cardiac Ischemia Activates Vascular Endothelial Cadherin Promoter in Both Preexisting Vascular Cells and Bone Marrow Cells Involved in Neovascularization
Circ. Res., April 14, 2006; 98(7): 897 - 904.
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HeartHome page
S Enomoto, M Yoshiyama, T Omura, R Matsumoto, T Kusuyama, D Nishiya, Y Izumi, K Akioka, H Iwao, K Takeuchi, et al.
Microbubble destruction with ultrasound augments neovascularisation by bone marrow cell transplantation in rat hind limb ischaemia
Heart, April 1, 2006; 92(4): 515 - 520.
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aacredbookHome page
S. Rafii and D. Lyden
Contribution of Hematopoietic and Vascular Progenitor Cells to the Neoangiogenic Niche
Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book, April 1, 2006; 2006(1): 181 - 185.
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CirculationHome page
A. Iwakura, S. Shastry, C. Luedemann, H. Hamada, A. Kawamoto, R. Kishore, Y. Zhu, G. Qin, M. Silver, T. Thorne, et al.
Estradiol Enhances Recovery After Myocardial Infarction by Augmenting Incorporation of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Into Sites of Ischemia-Induced Neovascularization via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Mediated Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Circulation, March 28, 2006; 113(12): 1605 - 1614.
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M. Ii, H. Takenaka, J. Asai, K. Ibusuki, Y. Mizukami, K. Maruyama, Y.-s. Yoon, A. Wecker, C. Luedemann, E. Eaton, et al.
Endothelial Progenitor Thrombospondin-1 Mediates Diabetes-Induced Delay in Reendothelialization Following Arterial Injury
Circ. Res., March 17, 2006; 98(5): 697 - 704.
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BloodHome page
D. A. Hess, L. Wirthlin, T. P. Craft, P. E. Herrbrich, S. A. Hohm, R. Lahey, W. C. Eades, M. H. Creer, and J. A. Nolta
Selection based on CD133 and high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity isolates long-term reconstituting human hematopoietic stem cells
Blood, March 1, 2006; 107(5): 2162 - 2169.
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E. B. Friedrich, K. Walenta, J. Scharlau, G. Nickenig, and N. Werner
CD34-/CD133+/VEGFR-2+ Endothelial Progenitor Cell Subpopulation With Potent Vasoregenerative Capacities
Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): e20 - e25.
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G. Galasso, S. Schiekofer, K. Sato, R. Shibata, D. E. Handy, N. Ouchi, J. A. Leopold, J. Loscalzo, and K. Walsh
Impaired Angiogenesis in Glutathione Peroxidase-1-Deficient Mice Is Associated With Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction
Circ. Res., February 3, 2006; 98(2): 254 - 261.
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BloodHome page
J. Glod, D. Kobiler, M. Noel, R. Koneru, S. Lehrer, D. Medina, D. Maric, and H. A. Fine
Monocytes form a vascular barrier and participate in vessel repair after brain injury
Blood, February 1, 2006; 107(3): 940 - 946.
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Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
V. N. Lama and S. H. Phan
The extrapulmonary origin of fibroblasts: stem/progenitor cells and beyond.
Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2006; 3(4): 373 - 376.
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Sci Aging Knowl EnvironHome page
V. L. Ballard and J. M. Edelberg
Harnessing Hormonal Signaling for Cardioprotection
Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ., December 21, 2005; 2005(51): re6 - re6.
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J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
A. N. Patel, L. Geffner, R. F. Vina, J. Saslavsky, H. C. Urschel Jr, R. Kormos, and F. Benetti
Surgical treatment for congestive heart failure with autologous adult stem cell transplantation: A prospective randomized study
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2005; 130(6): 1631 - 1638.
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Circ. Res.Home page
D. H. Walter, J. Haendeler, J. Reinhold, U. Rochwalsky, F. Seeger, J. Honold, J. Hoffmann, C. Urbich, R. Lehmann, F. Arenzana-Seisdesdos, et al.
Impaired CXCR4 Signaling Contributes to the Reduced Neovascularization Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells From Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Circ. Res., November 25, 2005; 97(11): 1142 - 1151.
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