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Blood, Vol. 94 No. 3 (August 1), 1999:
pp. 1121-1130
Regulation of p21rac Activation in Human Neutrophils
Niels Geijsen,
Sanne van Delft,
Jan A.M. Raaijmakers,
Jan-Willem
J. Lammers,
John G. Collard,
Leo Koenderman, and
Paul J. Coffer
From the Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital
Utrecht, Utrecht; and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of
Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
The small guanosine triphosphate (GTPase) p21rac is highly expressed
in human neutrophils where it is thought to play a role in cytoskeletal
reorganization and superoxide production. Using the p21rac binding
domain of PAK (PAK-RBD) as an activation-specific probe, we have
investigated agonist-stimulated activation of p21rac. Stimulation of
neutrophils with the chemoattractants fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) or
platelet-activating factor (PAF) induced an extremely rapid and
transient p21rac activation, being optimal within 5 seconds. This
activation correlates with the rapid changes of intracellular free
Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) stimulated by
fMLP; however, changes in [Ca2+]i were
neither sufficient nor required for p21rac activation. Furthermore,
fMLP-induced p21rac activation was not inhibited by broad tyrosine
kinase inhibitors or specific inhibitors of ERK, p38 mitogen activated
protein kinase, Src, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Surprisingly,
the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
and tumor necrosis factor- did not cause p21rac activation or
modulate fMLP-induced p21rac activation. AlF , a potent
activator of heterotrimeric G-protein -subunits, however, was found
to activate p21rac. Stimulation of neutrophils with phorbol myristate
acetate (PMA) strongly activated the respiratory burst,
but did not induce p21rac activation, suggesting that superoxide production per se can occur independently of p21rac activation. These
data suggest that in human granulocytes, G-protein coupled receptors,
but not cytokine receptors, activate p21rac via a rapid, novel
exchange-mechanism independently of changes in
[Ca2+]i, tyrosine phosphorylation, or PI3K.

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