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Blood, Vol. 95 No. 10 (May 15), 2000:
pp. 3133-3138
Concentration-dependent dual effect of thrombin on impaired
growth/apoptosis or mitogenesis in tumor cells
Jasmine Zain,
Yao-Qi Huang,
XueSheng Feng,
Mary Lynn Nierodzik,
Jian-Jun Li, and
Simon Karpatkin
From New York University Medical School, Kaplan Cancer Center, and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY.
Because thrombin-treated tumor cell-induced metastasis increases
tumor nodule volume12 greater than nodule number, we
studied the effect of thrombin on tumor cell growth in vitro and in
vivo (murine B16F10 melanoma, human HCT8 colon carcinoma, DU145
prostate carcinoma). Tumor cell growth was measured after 3 to 7 days
in 1% fetal calf serum (FCS) + RPMI 1640. We found that, whereas
relatively low concentrations of thrombin, 0.1 to 0.5 U/mL (1-5 nmol/L)
enhance tumor cell growth in vitro approximately 2- to 3-fold, higher
concentrations, 0.5 to 1 U/mL (5-10 nmol/L) impaired cell growth
approximately 2- to 4-fold. Impaired cell growth was associated with
cell cycle arrest at G2M and increased pre-Go
DNA, as well as apoptosis, measured by tumor cell binding to Annexin
V and propidium iodide. Apoptosis was reversed with the
general caspase inhibitor, FK-011. The enhancing and inhibiting effects
were specific for thrombin (reversed with inactive
diisopropyl-fluorophosphate [DFP]-thrombin) and mediated via the
protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). PAR-1 activation was
demonstrated by (1) use of a cell line, B16F10, devoid of the 3 other
thrombin receptors, PAR-3, PAR-4, and GPIb; and (2) greater sensitivity
of PAR-1 transfected B16F10 and HCT8 cells to impaired cell
growth/apoptosis, 3- and 14-fold, respectively. Thus, thrombin has a
bimodal effect on PAR-1 in tumor cells: enhanced growth at low
concentration, impaired growth/apoptosis at higher concentration.

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