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Blood, 15 March 2002, Vol. 99, No. 6, pp. 2199-2206
NEOPLASIA
Retinoic acid-induced cell cycle arrest of human myeloid cell
lines is associated with sequential down-regulation of c-Myc and cyclin
E and posttranscriptional up-regulation of
p27Kip1
Anna Dimberg,
Fuad Bahram,
Inger Karlberg,
Lars-Gunnar Larsson,
Kenneth Nilsson, and
Fredrik Öberg
From the Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Uppsala Genetic Center, Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potential
therapeutic agent for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies,
because of its function as an inducer of terminal
differentiation of leukemic blasts. Although the efficacy of ATRA
as an anticancer drug has been demonstrated by the successful treatment
of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the molecular mechanisms of
ATRA-induced cell cycle arrest of myeloid cells have not been
fully investigated. In this study, we show that the onset of
ATRA-induced G0/G1 arrest of human monoblastic
U-937 cells is linked to a sharp down-regulation of c-Myc and cyclin E
levels and an increase in p21WAF1/CIP1 expression. This is
followed by an increase in p27Kip1 protein expression
due to enhanced protein stability. The importance of an early decrease
in Myc expression for these events was demonstrated by the failure of a
U-937 subline with constitutive exogenous expression of v-Myc to cell
cycle arrest and regulate cyclin E and p27Kip1 in response
to ATRA. Preceding the initiation of G1 arrest, a transient
rise in retinoblastoma protein (pRb), p107, and cyclin A levels was
detected. Later, a rapid fall in the levels of cyclins A and B and a
coordinate dephosphorylation of pRb at Ser780, Ser795, and Ser807/811
coincided with the accumulation of cells in G1. These
results thus identify a decrease in c-Myc and cyclin E levels and a
posttranscriptional up-regulation of p27Kip1 as important
early changes, and position them in the complex chain of events
regulating ATRA-induced cell cycle arrest of myeloid cells.

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