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M Related Collections Chemokines, Cytokines, and Interleukins Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  Blood, 1 May 2002, Vol. 99, No. 9, pp. 3119-3128 CHEMOKINES Increased expression of the inflammatory chemokine CXC chemokine ligand 9/monokine induced by interferon- in lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Todd A. Reinhart, Beth A. Fallert, Melanie E. Pfeifer, Sonali Sanghavi, Saverio Capuano III, Premeela Rajakumar, Michael Murphey-Corb, Richard Day, Craig L. Fuller, and Todd M Schaefer From the Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, and Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Chemokines are important mediators of cell trafficking during immune inductive and effector activities, and dysregulation of their expression might contribute to the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To understand better the effects of SIV infection on lymphoid tissues in rhesus macaques, we examined chemokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression patterns by using DNA filter array hybridization. Of the 34 chemokines examined, the interferon  (IFN-)-inducible chemokine CXC chemokine ligand 9/monokine induced by interferon- (CXCL9/Mig) was one of the most highly up-regulated chemokines in rhesus macaque spleen tissue early after infection with pathogenic SIV. The relative levels of expression of CXCL9/Mig mRNA in spleen and lymph nodes were significantly increased after infection with SIV in both quantitative image capture and analysis and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, in situ hybridization for CXCL9/Mig mRNA revealed that the patterns of expression were altered after SIV infection. Associated with the increased expression of CXCL9/Mig were increased numbers of IFN- mRNA-positive cells in tissues and reduced percentages of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 3+/CD3+ and CXCR3+/CD8+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood. We propose that SIV replication in vivo initiates IFN--driven positive-feedback loops in lymphoid tissues that disrupt the trafficking of effector T lymphocytes and lead to chronic local inflammation, thereby contributing to immunopathogenesis. © 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.   CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: I. B. Hogue, S. H. Bajaria, B. A. Fallert, S. Qin, T. A. Reinhart, and D. E. Kirschner The dual role of dendritic cells in the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection J. Gen. 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