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Blood, 1 October 2007, Vol. 110, No. 7, pp. 2484-2493.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on July 12, 2007; DOI 10.1182/blood-2007-02-076364.


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Submitted February 28, 2007
Accepted July 9, 2007

Natural killer cells trigger differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells

Angela L Zhang, Paula Colmenero, Ulrich Purath, Cristina Teixeira de Matos, Wolfgang Hueber, Lars Klareskog, Ingo H Tarner, Edgar G Engleman, and Kalle Soderstrom*

Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Div. of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

* Corresponding author; email: kalsod{at}stanford.edu.

Circulating monocytes can differentiate into dendritic cells (moDC), which are potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. Previous reports show that GM-CSF and IL-4 induce monocyte differentiation into moDC in vitro, but little is known about the physiological requirements that initiate moDC differentiation in vivo. Here we show that a unique NK cell subset (CD3-CD56bright) that accumulates in lymph nodes and chronically inflamed tissues triggers CD14+ monocytes to differentiate into potent T-helper-1 (TH1) promoting DC. This process requires direct contact of monocytes with NK cells and is mediated by GM-CSF and CD154 derived from NK cells. Importantly, synovial fluid (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but not osteoarthritis (OA), induces monocytes to differentiate into DC. However, this process occurs only in the presence of NK cells. We propose that NK cells play a role in the maintenance of TH1 mediated inflammatory diseases such as RA, by providing a local milieu for monocytes to differentiate into DC.


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