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Blood, 15 June 2008, Vol. 111, No. 12, pp. 5515-5523.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on March 11, 2008; DOI 10.1182/blood-2007-10-117150.
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Submitted October 9, 2007
Accepted February 25, 2008
Twenty five year follow-up among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Rajen Mody, Suwen Li, Douglas C Dover, Stephen Sallan, Wendy Leisenring, Kevin C Oeffinger, Yutaka Yasui, Leslie L Robison, and Joseph P Neglia*
Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Department of Biostatistics, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
* Corresponding author; email: jneglia{at}umn.edu.
Survivors of childhood ALL are at risk for late effects of cancer therapy. A cohort of 5-year ALL survivors (<21 years at diagnosis) (n=5760 eligible, 4151 participants), diagnosed between 1970-1986 was compared to the general population and a sibling cohort (n=3899). Cumulative mortality of 5760 5-year survivors was 13% at 25 years from diagnosis. Recurrent ALL (n=483) and second neoplasms (SN)(n= 89) were the major causes of death. A total of 199 SN occurred among 185 survivors; 53% in the CNS. Survivors reported more multiple Chronic Medical Conditions (CMC) OR, 2.8; (95% CI, 2.4-3.2) and severe or life threatening CMC OR, 3.6 (95% CI, 3.0-4.5) than siblings. The cumulative incidence of severe CMC including death, 25 years from diagnosis was 21.3% (95% CI, 18.2-24.4) [23.3% (95% CI, 19.4-27.2) and 13.4% (95% CI, 8.4-18.4) for irradiated and non-irradiated survivors, respectively]. Survivors reported higher adverse general and mental health, functional impairment and activity limitations compared to siblings (P <0.0001). Rates of marriage, college graduation, employment and health insurance were all lower compared to sibling controls (P< 0.001). Long-term survivors of childhood ALL exhibit excess mortality and morbidity from therapy received in the 1970s and early to mid 1980s. Survivors who received radiation therapy as part of their treatment or had a leukemia relapse are at greatest risk for adverse outcomes.

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