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Blood, 15 January 2009, Vol. 113, No. 3, pp. 538-545.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on June 19, 2008; DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-01-131375.
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Submitted January 10, 2008
Accepted June 8, 2008
Silencing of T lymphocytes by antigen-driven programmed death in recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV)-mediated gene therapy
Victoria M Velazquez, David G. Bowen, and Christopher M Walker*
Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
* Corresponding author; email: walkerc{at}nationwidechildrens.org.
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are considered promising for human gene replacement because they facilitate stable expression of therapeutic proteins in transduced tissues. Whether the success of gene therapy will be influenced by cellular immune responses targeting transgene-encoded proteins that are potentially immunogenic is unknown. Here we characterized CD8+ T cell activity against  -galactosidase and enhanced green fluorescent protein, model antigens containing MHC class I epitopes that are constitutively produced in murine skeletal muscle after rAAV vector transduction. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in spleen and liver of mice within 7 days of muscle transduction. CD8+ T cell frequencies in these organs were stable and effector functions were intact for months despite ongoing antigen production in muscle. CD8+ T cells also infiltrated transduced muscle, where frequencies were at least 5-fold higher than in untransduced spleen and liver. Significantly, the majority of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vector-transduced muscle were not functional. Loss of function in the muscle was associated with programmed death of the effector cells. Stable gene expression therefore depended on death of CD8+ T cells at the site of antigen production, an effective mechanism for subverting immunity that is also potentially reversible.
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