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Blood, 1 January 2009, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 193-203.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on September 24, 2008; DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-04-151597.
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Submitted April 18, 2008
Accepted August 27, 2008
Anti-CD3 prevents factor VIII inhibitor development in hemophilia A mice by a regulatory CD4+CD25+ - dependent mechanism and by shifting cytokine production to favour a Th1 response
Braden Waters, Mohammad Qadura, Erin Burnett, Rouzbeh Chegeni, Andrea Labelle, Patrick Thompson, Christine Hough, and David Lillicrap*
Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
* Corresponding author; email: lillicrap{at}cliff.path.queensu.ca.
Non-Fc-Receptor binding anti-CD3 Ab therapy, in the setting of several different autoimmune disorders, can induce antigen-specific and long-lasting immunological tolerance. As FVIII inhibitor formation is the most serious treatment-related complication for hemophilia A patients, we tested the efficacy of anti-CD3 to prevent FVIII inhibitor formation in hemophilia A Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice. A short course of low-dose anti-CD3 significantly increased expression of CD25 and the proportion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the spleen and potently prevented the production of inhibitory and non-neutralizing anti-FVIII Abs in both strains of mouse. Depleting the CD4+CD25+ cells during anti-CD3 therapy completely ablated tolerance to FVIII. Further phenotypic characterization of regulatory cells in tolerant mice showed a consistently higher number of CD4+GITR+ and CD4+FoxP3+ cells in both strains of mouse. Additionally, in tolerant C57Bl/6 mice we observed an increase in CD4+CD25+CTLA-4+ and CD4+CD25+mTGF- 1+ cells. Finally, in vitro cytokine profiling demonstrated that splenocytes from tolerant Balb/c and C57Bl/6 were polarized toward a Th1 immune response. Taken together, these findings indicate that anti-CD3 induces tolerance to FVIII, and that the mechanism(s) regulating this response almost certainly occurs through the generation of several distinct regulatory T cell lineages and by influencing cytokine production and profile.
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