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Blood, 1 October 2008, Vol. 112, No. 7, pp. 2826-2835.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on July 29, 2008; DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-05-159301.
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Submitted May 23, 2008
Accepted July 19, 2008
Differential Th17 CD4 T cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections
Jason M Brenchley*, Mirko Paiardini, Kenneth S Knox, Ava I. Asher, Barbara Cervasi, Tedi E. Asher, Phillip Scheinberg, David A. Price, Chadi A. Hage, Lisa M. Kohli, Alexander Khoruts, Ian Frank, James Else, Timothy Schacker, Guido Silvestri, and Daniel C. Douek
Human Immunology Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda
Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, U Penn, Philadelphia
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Richard L Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
Department of Medicine, U Minnesota, Minneapolis
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta
* Corresponding author; email: jbrenchl{at}mail.nih.gov.
Acute HIV infection is characterized by massive loss of CD4 T cells from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Th17 cells are critical in the defense against microbes, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Here we analyzed Th17 cells in the blood, GI tract and broncheoalveolar lavage (BAL) of HIV-infected and uninfected humans, and SIV-infected and uninfected sooty mangabeys. We found that (i) human Th17 cells are specific for extracellular bacterial and fungal antigens, but not common viral antigens; (ii) Th17 cells are infected by HIV in vivo, but not preferentially so; (iii) CD4 T cells in blood of HIV-infected individuals are skewed away from a Th17 phenotype towards a Th1 phenotype with cellular maturation; (iv) there is significant loss of Th17 cells in the GI tract of HIV-infected individuals (v) Th17 cells are not preferentially lost from the BAL of HIV-infected individuals and (vi) SIV-infected sooty mangabeys maintain healthy frequencies of Th17 cells in the blood and GI tract. These observations further elucidate the immunodeficiency of HIV disease and may provide a mechanistic basis for the mucosal barrier breakdown that characterizes HIV infection. Finally, these data may help account for the non-progressive nature of non-pathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys.
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